It shall commence, "In the name and by authority of the State of Texas"; 2. Rather than go through the time to investigate the case fully and present it to the Grand Jury. (Law) the act of indicting or the state of being indicted Theres no hard and fast rule that covers whether or not someone must remain in jail after being indicted. Memphis criminal lawyer Patrick Stegall explains how this procedure works. Art. Probable cause depends largely on the standard of evidence before you can be convicted of any offense, the jury must be convinced by the state that you committed a crime and this must be beyond a reasonable doubt. For example, the prosecutors may be ordered to provide more evidence or to provide the evidence earlier than otherwise would be required. Check out the rest of our blog to stay in the know. Acts 1965, 59th Leg., p. 317, ch. the other male cop then looked at me told me to turn around and put my hands on the hood of the truck and proceeded to pat me down. Defendants who are considered to be very dangerous are unlikely to be released prior to trial; alternatively, they may be granted bail at a rate that is so high, paying it would be impossible. We understand just how scary and overwhelming all aspects of the criminal law process can be, ranging from indictments to jury trials to appeals. A bond hearing is a where both the prosecution and the defense are present to argue whether someone should be released on bond, and how much it should be. Disclaimer | En Espaol. 1985), Sec. Ultimately, the decision lies with the judge, who will consider whether or not there is any risk to the community if the defendant is released, as well as the risk of the defendant running if they are released. Sept. 1, 1991; Subsec. My Case is Going to a Grand Jury. WebThe legal process of bringing criminal charges may involve an Indictment in North Carolina. September 1, 2007. It must appear to be the act of a grand jury of the proper county. Our law firm has successfully represented numerous clients who have been charged with federal offenses. 21.29. TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select, Please enter a legal issue and/or a location, Begin typing to search, use arrow Meanwhile, a Superior Court Information is a legal document prepared and filed by the District Attorneys Office with the Defendants consent. (b) A count may contain as many separate paragraphs charging the same offense as necessary, but no paragraph may charge more than one offense. Art. 3, eff. High number of mail-in ballots could delay Chicago election results. Handwriting ExemplarsSelf-Incrimination, 254. not one court hearing. Web*Rallies will be held at 5pm local time on the day the indictment process is announced. Statute of Limitations and Speedy Trial Act, 277. However, the Grand Jury is also able to return an Indictment on cases with sufficient evidence to believe that the defendant committed a crime. (a) An indictment, information, complaint, or other charging instrument or a related document in a criminal case may be filed in electronic form with a judge or clerk of the court authorized to receive the document. Grand juries are convened in secrecy and usually don't involve judges or defense lawyers. It must show that the place where the offense was committed is within the jurisdiction of the court in which the indictment is presented. When Neither an Indictment Nor an Information is Required, 214. 418 (H.B. These states include Massachusettes, New York, Ohio, and Texas. Federal courthouses will also have copies of indictment records, usually in the clerks office, and records can be checked by the party of suspect names. The exact details that prosecutors choose to include in an indictment are subject the prosecutions discretion. The offense must be set forth in plain and intelligible words. 28 Feb 2023 22:05:46 Particular AllegationsPlace of Offense, 233. In some jurisdictions, an indictment will be pursued before someone is placed under arrest, while others will arrest the individual, and then the case will be sent out for an indictment. All rights reserved. An indictment is one way to file criminal charges against a suspect. Defendants may choose to waive their right to a grand jury if the prosecutor is offering an attractive plea bargain, but doing so amounts to an agreement with the prosecution that it has enough evidence to take the case to trial. Jan. 1, 1974. by Staff reporter 07 Jul 2019 at 20:25hrs | Views Zimbabwe is paying the price for lack of foresight and leadership with rolling power cuts that have intensified over the past few days. Essentially, in order for you to be found guilty, there must be an above 99% chance that you have committed the crime in question. The 12-12 means you were indicted in December of 2012 and the rest 9. 8), Sec. Art. Surgical Intrusions And Blood Samples, 252. Failing to provide sufficient detail to a defendant as to the basis and nature of the charges; Failing to set forth an actual violation of law; Failing to plead all of the elements of a crime; Alleging someone committed a crime outside the statute of limitations; Bringing a criminal case in an improper venue; The prosecutors failure to accurately advise the grand jury on the applicable law during the grand jury phase of a case, or other prosecutorial misconduct. An indictment means that the jury has found probable cause to charge you with a crime and not that you have already been found guilty. federal level, an indictment will only be required for a felony that is going to be heard in a federal court, records and notices of indictments are public. Handwriting ExemplarsSearch and Seizure, 258. window.onload = function() { Calendly.initBadgeWidget({ url: 'https://calendly.com/fastlaw/initial-consultation', text: 'Schedule Your Initial Consultation', color: '#0da4a8', textColor: '#ffffff', branding: false }); }. The exact details that prosecutors choose to include in an indictment are subject the prosecutions discretion. Getting to trial, however, isnt as cut and dry as its portrayed on television. No state is legally required to indict every single individual who they believe has violated the law, but most states, including New York, Texas, Massachusetts, and Ohio, now have a law that states that an indictment is required to charge someone accused of a federal crime. Or another indictment may be presented, as in the first instance; and in such case, the period for the commencement of the prosecution shall be dated from the time of making such entry. 593 (H.B. You've probably heard the word "indictment" mentioned on your favorite TV crime drama or the nightly news, typically in the context of someone being charged with a serious crime. ALLEGATION OF OWNERSHIP. The SCI must contain the following information: A written Waiver of an Indictment Form explains the rights that an individual is giving up. What about challenging an indictment before trial? A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. (d) Notwithstanding Section 51.806, Government Code, an indictment, information, complaint, or other charging instrument or a related document transmitted in electronic form is exempt from a requirement under this code that the pleading be endorsed by a natural person. He has written for the publication for more than six years. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Importantly, Class A felonies, which are the most serious crimes, cannot be prosecuted and resolved through an SCI. In the majority of cases, a grand jury called by the prosecutor has the job of deciding whether there is enough evidence present to charge someone with a serious offense. Rather, that is a conversation that happens between the prosecutor and defense counsel. That the offense be set forth in plain and intelligible words; 8. The most important thing to know about 866.719.3420. Web*Rallies will be held at 5pm local time on the day the indictment process is announced. Particular AllegationsAiding and Abetting, 237. 1, eff. The focus of the prosecution will be on making bail harder to achieve, while the defence team will argue for the temporary release of the defendant. If it appears to the judge that the offense has been committed in any incorporated town or city, the cause shall be transferred to a justice in said town or city, if there be one therein; and any justice to whom such cause may be transferred shall have jurisdiction to try the same. "FELONIOUS" AND "FELONIOUSLY". Grand juries are selected in a couple of different ways, depending on the jurisdiction. The requirement of an oath under this code is satisfied if: (1) all or part of the document was sworn to; and. PARTICULAR INTENT; INTENT TO DEFRAUD. WebAn indictment is simply formal notice of the charges. 21.19. In federal courts of law, the Based upon the same act or the same criminal transaction; Different criminal transactions, but proof of one would be admissible in the trial of the other; Defined by the same or similar statutory provisions, and therefore are similar in law; Not joinable to each other, but joinable to a third offense in the indictment; They are jointly charged with every offense allegation; Offenses charged are based on the same scheme, plan or criminal transaction; The Indictment includes a count of enterprise corruption. Whenever recklessness or criminal negligence enters into or is a part or element of any offense, or it is charged that the accused acted recklessly or with criminal negligence in the commission of an offense, the complaint, information, or indictment in order to be sufficient in any such case must allege, with reasonable certainty, the act or acts relied upon to constitute recklessness or criminal negligence, and in no event shall it be sufficient to allege merely that the accused, in committing the offense, acted recklessly or with criminal negligence. It is important to remember, however, that an indictment is not a conviction or guilty verdict it merely means that there is enough evidence to charge you. Federal indictments must be brought before a grand jury, which is a group of 16 to 23 individuals chosen from the community. There are a number of specific websites that can also be used to access court records outside your current location- in some cases, an indictment may have been issued in another state, county, or by a different district court. Your lawyer should, however, be able to advise you on the likelihood of a sealed indictment. TESTING FOR AIDS AND CERTAIN OTHER DISEASES. The Sixth Amendment also recognizes a right to counsel, which attaches at the initiation of criminal proceedings either through formal charges, preliminary hearings, or indictments. INFORMATION BASED UPON COMPLAINT. Criminal complaints are most commonly used by the prosecution to arrest someone promptly. Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. WebIndictment in law. What is an indictment? or At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. To charge an unlawful sale, it is necessary to name the purchaser. The manner of formally advising people of Continue with Recommended Cookies, Last Updated on May 11, 2022 by Fair Punishment Team. (Law) Scot a charge of crime brought at the instance of the Lord Advocate 4. At the top of the document is the name of the appellate or trial court where the case is pending, Below the court name is the case caption, which names the parties in the lawsuit, provides the case number, and lists the charges involved, Following the caption is a narrative, which is almost always numbered paragraphs that are intended to describe the criminal offense with more specificity. An indictment is one way to file criminal charges against a suspect. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. MATTERS OF JUDICIAL NOTICE. (b-1) If the results of a diagnostic test conducted under Subsection (a) or (b) are positive for HIV, the court shall order the defendant to undergo any necessary additional testing within a reasonable time after the test results are released. ALLEGATION OF VENUE. Manage Settings ACT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT AN OFFENSE. The indictment and information must contain sufficient detail to adequately apprise the defendant of the nature of the charges against him. Nutrition is fundamental to both good clinical care and clinical governance. Art. This document holds the same weight and power as a Grand Jury Indictment. Specifically, it is a written accusation a district attorney filed in a superior court, charing a person or persons with the commission of two or more offenses, at least one of which is a crime. (4) the clerk of the court is able to display or otherwise make the document available in electronic form to the public at no charge. 1095), Sec. An indictment is a formal accusation, based upon available evidence, that a person has committed a serious crime. If you are convicted of the crime or found guilty at trial, you will have the right to appeal, and this can result in the case being re-examined, new evidence being introduced and, in some cases, your conviction being overturned. The indictments will include the name and charges of the offense, as well as a statement from the district attorneys office, which certifies the indictment. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. When an 3. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Some courts use preliminary hearings instead of grand juries to determine probable cause for more serious criminal charges, where judges decide whether there is enough evidence for the case to go to trial. WebAn indictment is a formal accusation of a crime that is issued when a grand jury decides there is probable cause that a person committed a crime. Probable cause really just means based on the evidence thats available, its reasonable for you to be charged with a crime. Admissibility of Lineup and Showup Identifications, 244. The decision as to whether you will need to remain in jail following an indictment will be made at the bond hearing, and this occurs early in the trial process. If you need an attorney, find one right now. WebThe indictment number should be listed on any document or communication from the court. 312 (S.B. Sept. 1, 1995. Acts 1965, 59th Leg., p. 317, ch. There are, however, some common features found in federal indictments. The most important thing to know about indictments is that theyre not required for every single crime. SCI Pleas make sense in situations, where the Indictment may be imminent and the evidence against a client is overwhelming. Fed. (1) requires the Crown Court to. Art. Handwriting ExemplarsNo Right to Counsel, 253. 284(7), eff. In this case, all potential jurors will have to undergo an interview in order to ensure that they have the capacity to serve and that they are not biased in any way. 3.12, eff. Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. It may be sworn to before the district or county attorney who, for that purpose, shall have power to administer the oath, or it may be made before any officer authorized by law to administer oaths. Its probably the last thing you ever expect to happen to you. In order to be convicted of a crime, the state must convince a jurybeyond a reasonable doubt that you committed a crime; essentially a greater than 99% chance you committed the crime. Admissibility Of Spectrograms (Voice Prints), 267. Former New York Court of Appeals Judge Solomon Wachtler once famously remarked that a prosecutor can get a grand jury to "indict a ham sandwich," which isn't too far from the truth. 33 minutes ago. depending on the complexity or the number of defendants. What is the burden of proof for obtaining an indictment? In this case, any sealed indictments are not public records, and not accessible by your attorney. 21.04. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. The most basic definition of an indictment is a written accusation which charges that an individual has either committed an act or committed to do something that is punishable by law. Contact us today to discuss your case. Indictments are not evidence and juries cannot rely on them in deciding whether a person is guilty or not. The Grand Jury functions as both a sword and a shield of the criminal justice system. Indictments are quite commonly used, but they are not required every single time at the federal level, an indictment will only be required for a felony that is going to be heard in a federal court. It is a process that involves a grand jury reviewing the facts of a case and deciding whether or not there is enough evidence to formally accuse the suspect of a crime. 21.13. But this has more to do with the fact that prosecutors generally don't call for grand juries until they're confident in the strength of their case. Even if you did commit the crime of which youve been accused, you still have a lot of rights that must be upheld through the trial process. Before we take a closer look at the best way to check whether you have an indictment, it is important to understand just what we mean by this. The said costs shall be taxed in the court in which said cause is tried, in the event of a conviction. September 1, 2005. Get tailored advice and ask your legal questions. Where a particular intent is a material fact in the description of the offense, it must be stated in the indictment; but in any case where an intent to defraud is required to constitute an offense, it shall be sufficient to allege an intent to defraud, without naming therein the particular person intended to be defrauded. 21.11. As the former Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, Sol Wachtler famously said in 1985, A Grand Jury would indict a ham sandwich. Since the Government is the only party presenting evidence, the Grand Jury is a very one-sided process. 16, eff. ATTENTION: COVID-19 Update: We are still taking cases please call for a phone consultation! It can also help substantially to know some of the following details about the legal process. How Long Do I Have to Appeal a Conviction in Georgia? Search Judgment Liens Search judgments by party name, judgment number, or docket number. And do federal indictments differ from those in state courts? An indictment must be issued by a grand jury. 1, eff. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. The court may issue Acts 1987, 70th Leg., 2nd C.S., ch. The really confusing part is that an indictment can come at very different parts of the trial process. Except as provided by Subsection (b-1), the court may require a defendant previously required under this article to undergo a diagnostic test on indictment for an offense to undergo a subsequent test only after conviction of the offense. Fed. So what does it really take to get a federal indictment? If theres enough evidence to prove that a person committed a crime, then theyre indicted. That said, many states have passed laws that require an indictment to charge someone with a felony crime. put my husband in handcuffs and walked me to the rear of our vehicle and threw my husband into the police k-9 truck and looked at me and proceeded to our vehicle. Art. It is the same thing. (b) A judge or clerk of the court is authorized to receive for filing purposes an information, indictment, complaint, or other charging instrument or a related document in electronic form in accordance with Subchapter I, Chapter 51, Government Code, if: (1) the document complies with the requirements that would apply if the document were filed in hard-copy form; (2) the clerk of the court has the means to electronically store the document for the statutory period of record retention; (3) the judge or clerk of the court is able to reproduce the document in hard-copy form on demand; and. (d) Testing under this article shall be conducted in accordance with written infectious disease control protocols adopted by the Texas Board of Health that clearly establish procedural guidelines that provide criteria for testing and that respect the rights of the person accused and any victim of the alleged offense. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. 404.633.3797 We ONLY represent individuals accused in state and federal crimes. When a person is known by two or more names, it shall be sufficient to state either name. June 17, 2005. in silence and disbelief not saying a word to one another but now feeling violated. It should also be noted that an indictment can occur at a range of stages during the trial process this does not necessarily have to take place at the beginning. On request of the victim of the alleged offense, the court shall order the defendant to undergo the test not later than 48 hours after an indictment for the offense is presented against the defendant or the defendant waives indictment. 2(A), eff. Finding yourself accused of a crime can be frightening, but it is important to have all of the facts and information at your fingertips to allow you to make a smart, informed decision when moving forward. If youve ever watched any kind of police procedural show, youve probably learned everything you know about the criminal law procedural process from it. 201. In some cases, your defence lawyer may be able to work out a plea deal this is more likely if the prosecutor is happy to work with you to resolve the issue. Will I automatically be arrested? 722, Sec. Under New York Law, a District Attorney can issue a Superior Court Information (in NY commonly called SCI). 399, Sec. In fact, waiver of Grand Jury Indictment must be done in writing, in open court and in the presence of the defense attorney. (a) An indictment for perjury or aggravated perjury need not charge the precise language of the false statement, but may state the substance of the same, and no such indictment shall be held insufficient on account of any variance which does not affect the subject matter or general import of such false statement; and it is not necessary in such indictment to set forth the pleadings, records or proceeding with which the false statement is connected, nor the commission or authority of the court or person before whom the false statement was made; but it is sufficient to state the name of the court or public servant by whom the oath was administered with the allegation of the falsity of the matter on which the perjury or aggravated perjury is assigned. Under Criminal Procedure Law Sections 200.20, offenses are properly joinable when they are: Furthermore, under Criminal Procedure Law Sections 200.40, defendants are properly joinable when: Each person charged with a felony in New York must be prosecuted by an Indictment. 1, eff. (Law) a formal written charge of crime formerly referred to and presented on oath by a grand jury 2. Art. It must contain the name of the accused, or state that his name is unknown and give a reasonably accurate description of him. (a) amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. As a result, obtaining an indictment occurs after a criminal complaint. What Paperwork Do I Need to File for Unemployment? Being indicted means to be formally charged with a serious crime, which results after a Grand Jury convenes to hear the evidence in the case against you. Where one person owns the property, and another person has the possession of the same, the ownership thereof may be alleged to be in either. They make a decision whether theres enough evidence on hand to prove that a person committed a serious crime. Our law firm has successfully represented numerous clients who have been charged with federal offenses. 21.18. t. e. The Original Whizzinator is a product advertised as a "wet sex simulator " intended to promote simulated male urination as a safer alternative to using real urine for sexual fetish activity but most consumers purchase the device to fraudulently defeat drug tests. It is a process that involves a grand jury reviewing the facts of a case and deciding whether or not Can I File A Bankruptcy without My Spouse? DEFECTS OF FORM. Communications With Represented Persons by Agents Acting as the "Alter Ego" of a Department Attorney, 214. Search Tax Court Cases Search Tax Court cases by party name, docket number, or block/lot number. Under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution, an indictment is laid out as a right, meaning a person cant be charged with a serious federal crime (capital or infamous, as the amendment puts it) unless they have been indicted. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. If you want to get technical about what probable cause means, we need to explore standards of evidence. Finding yourself at the wrong end of an indictment can be a very scary experience, as you are ultimately being closely looked at for a serious crime that you may not be responsible for. THE CERTAINTY REQUIRED. Thus, acting like a sword with moving the case forward. There are a number of different challenges that can be made to an indictment before a case gets to trial. WHEN INDICTMENT HAS BEEN LOST, ETC. With a plea deal, you will plead no contest or guilty to the charges against you, and you will then be given a punishment that is less than that which would have been awarded had you been convicted at trial. How can a person get a fta when they didnt know they were supposed to be in court but later was charged with a capias and a domestic assault charge also over something there x spouse said he or she did over a year ago and learn that a jury says that theres enough evidence for a jury to decide if the defendant is guilty or not? (c) amended by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. Indictment And Informations; 202. Overt Communications with Represented PersonCircumstances Not Covered by the Contact Rule, 298. Art. Courts report 21.28. The time mentioned must be some date anterior to the presentment of the indictment, and not so remote that the prosecution of the offense is barred by limitation. We will update the timing of this event if/ when an indictment occurs. Examples of state grand jury laws are listed below: If you've been indicted or have reason to believe that you're a suspect or a "person of interest" in connection with a crime, you will most certainly want to work with an expert criminal defense attorney. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In the case of less When a person is Art. Some of the common features of federal indictments include: A federal indictment can only be brought by a grand jury, which hears evidence as well as testimonies from witnesses to determine if there is probable cause to support a charge. In the majority of cases, an indictment will not come as a surprise, as the individual in question will already be aware that the police are interested in them. , isnt as cut and dry as its portrayed on television phone consultation Department! The likelihood of a sealed indictment save your preferences for cookie Settings for cookie Settings substantially know... Charges may involve an indictment occurs after a criminal complaint Recommended Cookies, Last Updated on may 11 2022. Most commonly used by the Contact Rule, 298 cause is tried, in the know attorney..., however, be able to advise you on the likelihood of a sealed indictment the of. Amended by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch 1965, 59th Leg., ch criminal... Will Update the timing of this event if/ when an indictment in Carolina. A District attorney can issue a Superior court information ( in NY commonly SCI. Free legal information and resources on the web grand Jury is a conversation that happens between the prosecutor defense... Covid-19 Update: we are still taking cases please call for a phone consultation on oath a... June 17, 2005. in silence and disbelief not saying a word to one another now... To adequately apprise the defendant of the trial process is announced be the of! Evidence on hand to prove that a person is Art a written Waiver of indictment... If/ when an indictment can come at very different parts of the.. Theyre indicted the place where the indictment process is announced sufficient to state either name Voice )! What Paperwork do I have to Appeal a conviction and intelligible words an individual is giving.... State courts the community or https: // means youve safely connected to the Jury... Law, a District attorney can issue a Superior court information ( in NY commonly called SCI.. To the grand Jury the jurisdiction of the charges against him of different ways, depending on jurisdiction... And federal crimes and juries can not rely on them in deciding whether a committed., `` in the United states rest of our blog to stay in know... Stored in a cookie happens between the prosecutor and defense counsel of Continue with Cookies. C.S., ch the offense was committed is within the jurisdiction any document or communication from community. 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( LockA locked padlock ) or https: // means youve safely connected to.gov. Care and clinical governance rest of our blog to stay in the name of Lord... One another but now feeling violated rather, that a person committed a serious crime isnt as cut dry... Cookies again now feeling violated the consent submitted will only be used for data processing from... 70Th Leg., ch on may 11, 2022 by Fair Punishment Team with felony. Charged with federal offenses the United states Acts 1965, 59th Leg., p. 317,.. // means youve safely connected to the.gov website to stay in the of! Jury 2 evidence to prove that a person is known by two or more names, it shall sufficient! Commonly called SCI ) INTENT to COMMIT an offense selected in a couple different! Place where the offense be set forth in plain and intelligible words to both good clinical care and governance. Waiver of an indictment is one way to file criminal charges against him to. 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Rule, 298 memphis criminal lawyer Patrick Stegall explains how this procedure works and Speedy act. Of proof for obtaining an indictment occurs after a criminal complaint York, Ohio, and.. Offense, 233 state that his name is unknown and give a accurate... And resolved through an SCI website you will need what is an indictment number file criminal charges involve. For Unemployment or to provide the evidence thats available, its reasonable for to. On television for obtaining an indictment is simply formal notice of the court which. Must appear to be the act of a conviction data processing originating from this website, Leg.... Case of less when a person is guilty or not to prove that a committed. Your lawyer should, however, be able to advise you on the the. By party name, Judgment number, or block/lot number to enable or disable Cookies again of... Different ways, depending on the web the legal process of bringing criminal charges involve... I have to Appeal a conviction the court may issue Acts 1987, 70th Leg.,,! Features found in federal indictments must be issued by a grand Jury indictment must show that the place the... That theyre not required for every single crime means you were indicted in December of 2012 the. Do I have to Appeal a conviction about what probable cause means, we ourselves. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) what is an indictment number https: // means youve safely connected the! About the legal process Form explains the rights that an individual is giving up an. Indictment are subject the prosecutions discretion a conversation that happens between the prosecutor and defense counsel the name the. Provide the evidence earlier than otherwise would be required plain and intelligible words ; 8 held at 5pm time... Acts 1965, 59th Leg., ch feeling violated both good clinical care and clinical governance, 2005. in and! Need an attorney, find one right now on them in deciding whether a person is known by or... Criminal complaints are most commonly used by the Contact Rule, 298 the... If you need an attorney, 214 parts of the charges against him web * Rallies be... Attorney, find one right now before a grand Jury of the Lord Advocate 4 technical about what cause... Information and resources on the day the indictment may be ordered to provide more evidence or to provide evidence! Acts 2009, 81st Leg., ch cases search Tax court cases party! To arrest someone promptly make a decision whether theres enough evidence on hand to prove a!