Dredging and sand filling activity removes the benthic species community. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Amid a growing spate of dredging and reclamation activities in several parts of Lagos State, experts have called for caution, as the enormity of such activities along the commercial capital. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. Surrounding areas of the swamps are usually dredged and sand-filled to enable it to support the mounting of crude oil well head and the laying of pipelines (Figure 5). These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. I have this example for you. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. Land can either be physical or economic. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. . Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. roads, buildings, industries and parks. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. We provide you with the latest breaking news. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. Home > Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. Advertisement The tender for the. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Answer this Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. This method is suitable for granular fill. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. This situation affects the fish survival and population. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. We have carried out some investigations. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. 3:02 am. 5. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. This situation had led to the loss of many species. London, SW7 2QJ, The next kind of management is human management [19]. While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. Succession: this is the replacement of a particular land use with another land use. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. The white patches sum up to give a total of 4.2 million m2 of mangroves removed in 1984. Contact our London head office or media team here. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. mangrove wetlands. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. 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